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This study aims to understand the multiaxial fretting fatigue, wear and fracture characteristics of 35CrMoA steel under the elliptical loading path.

By keeping the contact pressure and torsional shear cyclic stress amplitude unchanged; the axial cyclic stress amplitude varied from 650 MPa to 850 MPa. The fretting fatigue test was carried out on MTS809 testing machine, and the axial cyclic strain response and fatigue life of the material were analyzed. The fretting zone and fracture surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope. The composition of wear debris was detected by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.

In this study, with the increase of axial stress amplitude, 35CrMoA steel will be continuously softened, and the cyclic softening degree increases. The fretting fatigue life decreases unevenly. The fretting scars in the stick region are elongated in the axial direction. The area of fracture crack propagation zone decreases. In addition, the results indicate that wear debris in the slip region is spherical and has higher oxygen content.

There were few literatures about the multiaxial fretting fatigue behavior of 35CrMoA steel, and most scholars focused on the contact pressure. This paper reveals the effect of axial cyclic stress on fretting fatigue and wear of 35CrMoA steel under the elliptical loading path.

Drawing on the knowledge-based view (KBV), the purpose of the study is to examine the impact of collaborative culture (CC) on frugal innovation (FI). It also advances insight into the pathways for stimulating distinct aspects of innovation capacity by assessing the mediating effects of knowledge management (KM) processes and the moderating role of perceived organizational support (POS).

Based on the data gathered from 430 participants from 80 Pakistani manufacturing and service firms, this study used structural equation modeling to evaluate hypotheses in the established research model.

The findings reveal that CC positively fosters the KM processes and different aspects of FI. The results indicated the positive direct impact of KM processes on frugal functionality (FF) and frugal cost (FC) while insignificant on the frugal ecosystem (FE). This study found partial mediation of KM processes on the relationship among CC, FF and FC, but the KM process does not mediate the relationship between CC and FE. The results also demonstrated that POS moderation enhances the impacts of CC on KM processes and FF while notably weakening the impacts of CC on FC and FE.

To understand the crucial role of knowledge capital in companies’ innovation capability, future research should examine the mediating function of KM capability (knowledge process capability and knowledge infrastructure capability) and moderating role of environmental turbulence in the relationship between CC and different aspects of innovation capability.

This study significantly advances a better understanding of the relationship between CC and specific facets of innovation capacity by emphasizing the importance of driving the KM process and improving POS.

This study has contributed to the theoretical and practical efforts on KBV, emphasizing the critical importance of CC in fostering a conducive environment for KM processes and innovation.

Drawing on the knowledge-based view (KBV), the research examines the impact of knowledge sources (internal and external knowledge sources) on two aspects of innovation radical and incremental innovation. Additionally, the research seeks to provide deeper insight into the link between the variables by studying how information technology (IT) resources mediate the relationship between knowledge sources and innovation capability.

The study assessed the relationship between latent variables using a quantitative research approach and variance-based structural equation modelling on a sample of 380 individuals from 83 Pakistani manufacturing and service firms.

The study's results revealed a significant impact of knowledge sources (internal and external knowledge sources) on radical and incremental innovation. Further, the study examines the mediating role of IT resources in connecting knowledge sources and a firm's innovation capability.

Future studies should investigate the association among the constructs under the moderating roles of environmental turbulence to provide insight into the relationship between knowledge sources, IT resources, and innovation capability.

The paper provides evidence that knowledge sources and IT resources are the key driving factors of innovation capability. Managers and directors of firms in developing and emerging countries should establish firms' knowledge sources and IT resources to improve innovation capability.

There is a scarcity of studies that has explored the relationship between sources of knowledge, IT resources, and specific types of innovation, namely radical and incremental innovation. The paper helps fill research gaps in the literature and advances understanding of how knowledge sources, directly and indirectly, stimulate firms' innovation capabilities via the mediating role of IT resources.